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Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
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Cephalic extraction versus breech extraction in second-stage caesarean section: a retrospective study.

O Ezra1,2, H Lahav-Ezra1,2, R Meyer1,2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.

BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|May 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Breech extraction during second-stage cesarean delivery is linked to fewer maternal complications than attempted cephalic extraction. This method does not increase neonatal complication rates, offering better outcomes overall.

Keywords:
Cephalic extractionpush-pullsecond-stage caesarean section

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Second-stage cesarean delivery involves complex extraction maneuvers.
  • Comparing outcomes based on attempted versus actual extraction methods is crucial for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes based on attempted and actual modes of extraction during second-stage cesarean delivery.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of breech versus cephalic extraction techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 1028 term pregnancies in vertex presentation.
  • Analysis of maternal and neonatal complication rates between attempted cephalic extraction and breech extraction groups.
  • Subgroup analysis including failed cephalic extraction.

Main Results:

  • Cephalic extraction was associated with significantly higher rates of uterine incision extensions and blood transfusions compared to breech extraction.
  • Failed cephalic extraction subgroup showed the highest rates of uterine incision extensions and blood transfusions.
  • Neonatal outcomes were comparable between groups, but failed cephalic extraction had higher rates of low Apgar scores, NICU admissions, and limb fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Breech extraction in second-stage cesarean sections is associated with fewer maternal complications than attempted cephalic extraction.
  • Breech extraction does not increase neonatal complication rates, suggesting it may be a safer option in specific scenarios.