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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • Real-world scenes activate anticipatory representations in long-term memory (LTM) and working memory (WM), leading to boundary extension (BE).
  • The current research investigates whether non-scene object patterns elicit similar memory effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if object patterns, similar to real-world scenes, elicit boundary extension (BE).
  • To explore the influence of pattern regularity and object-grouping on BE.
  • To compare BE effects in long-term memory (LTM) versus working memory (WM) paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1 (LTM-paradigm): Participants viewed regular or random object patterns, followed by a boundary-rating task.
  • Experiment 1B: Regular patterns were modified with color object-groupings to assess their impact on BE.
  • Experiment 2 (WM-paradigm): Briefly presented patterns were tested using a boundary-rating task under time pressure.

Main Results:

  • Both regular and random object patterns elicited BE in the LTM task.
  • Random patterns, not regular ones, more consistently yielded BE.
  • Color-grouping in regular patterns showed a mixed effect on BE.
  • In the WM task, patterns led to boundary restriction, the opposite of BE.

Conclusions:

  • Anticipatory representation and boundary extension depend on visual content characteristics.
  • Content that embellishes space may elicit BE, while content that defines space might lead to boundary restriction.
  • Memory effects like BE are modulated by the interplay of pattern predictability, grouping, and cognitive load (LTM vs. WM).