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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants
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Pristine graphene induces innate immune training.

Filipa Lebre1, John B Boland, Pedro Gouveia

  • 1Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Ssciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland. lavellee@tcd.ie.

Nanoscale
|May 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pristine graphene (pGr) can program immune cells for heightened inflammatory responses. However, embedding graphene in a collagen matrix prevents this immune training effect, offering insights for biomedical material design.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene-based materials show promise for biomedical applications.
  • Understanding graphene's biological interactions, especially with the immune system, is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Innate immune training, a cellular programming for enhanced responses, is known for microbes but not for particulate materials like graphene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if pristine graphene (pGr) can induce innate immune training in bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs).
  • To determine how pGr affects cytokine secretion profiles after subsequent immune stimulation.
  • To explore if incorporating pGr into a collagen matrix alters its immune-modulating effects.

Main Methods:

  • Bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with pristine graphene (pGr).
  • Subsequent stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands was performed to assess cytokine secretion (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10).
  • The effect of pGr incorporated within a collagen matrix on immune responses was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • pGr alone did not induce direct cytokine secretion from BMDMs.
  • pGr programmed BMDMs for enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α) secretion and reduced regulatory cytokine (IL-10) production upon TLR ligand challenge.
  • Incorporating pGr into a collagen matrix abrogated this immune programming effect.

Conclusions:

  • Pristine graphene has the capacity to modulate innate immunity over extended periods by programming immune cells.
  • The immune-modulating potential of pGr can be controlled by its material context, such as embedding in a collagen matrix.
  • Findings have significant implications for the design and safe biomedical application of graphene-based materials.