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Related Concept Videos

Attachment01:20

Attachment

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Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that...
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Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Parental Care00:55

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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Oral01:16

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Oral

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The oral stage is the initial phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth to approximately 12 to 18 months. During this period, the infant's mouth serves as the primary source of pleasure, with actions such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking playing a crucial role in reducing tension. These activities are essential not only for nourishment but also for the infant's psychological and emotional satisfaction.
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Theory of Romantic Attachment in Adulthood03:34

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Attachment is a long-standing connection or bond with others. While Attachment Theory was conceived in developmental psychology to describe infant-caregiver bonding, it's been extended into adulthood to include romantic relationships. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

Published on: September 22, 2023

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Pacifiers: A Cause for Confusion.

Bridget M Wild, Benjamin Kornfeld

    Pediatric Annals
    |May 16, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pacifier use in newborns does not appear to harm infants or impede breastfeeding. Pediatricians should support families in establishing exclusive breastfeeding before pacifier introduction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neonatal care
    • Pediatrics
    • Lactation support

    Background:

    • The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative recommends pacifier avoidance in nurseries to enhance exclusive breastfeeding.
    • Pacifier use is associated with improved infant sleep and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the impact of early pacifier use on breastfeeding outcomes.
    • To inform clinical recommendations regarding pacifier introduction for newborns.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature and clinical guidelines.
    • Analysis of the relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding initiation/duration.

    Main Results:

    • Early pacifier introduction is unlikely to cause direct harm to infants.
    • Pacifier use does not appear to significantly hinder exclusive breastfeeding when implemented thoughtfully.

    Conclusions:

    • Pediatricians should collaborate with families to promote exclusive breastfeeding.
    • Pacifier introduction can be considered after breastfeeding is well-established, balancing benefits with breastfeeding goals.