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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
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Forcing the ribosome to change its message.

Sarah E Leininger1, Carol Deutsch2, Edward P O'Brien3,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

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|May 17, 2020
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Summary

Mechanical forces generated during protein synthesis regulate ribosomal frameshifting during viral RNA translation. This finding reveals a conserved mechanism and suggests mechanical forces play a broader regulatory role in translation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Nascent protein segments integrating into membranes generate mechanical forces.
  • These forces transmit through proteins to the ribosome's catalytic core.
  • Limited biological consequences of these forces have been identified previously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biological consequences of mechanical forces generated during protein synthesis.
  • To determine if these forces influence ribosomal frameshifting during translation.
  • To explore the regulatory role of mechanical forces in gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein integration into membranes.
  • Measurement of forces transmitted to the ribosome.
  • Investigation of ribosomal frameshifting efficiency during viral RNA translation.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical forces generated during protein insertion into membranes were quantified.
  • These forces were shown to be transmitted to the ribosome's catalytic core.
  • A conserved mechanism was identified where these forces regulate ribosomal frameshifting efficiency during viral RNA translation.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical forces play a conserved regulatory role in ribosomal frameshifting.
  • This mechanism influences the translation of viral RNA.
  • Mechanical forces may have a broader regulatory role in protein synthesis than previously understood.