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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid-State.

Hong Y Cho1, Christopher W Bielawski1,2,3

  • 1Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-state ball milling enables controlled synthesis of poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) and copolymers. This method allows tuning polymer molecular weight and creating polymers inaccessible through traditional solution-state techniques.

Keywords:
ball millingcontrolled radical polymerizationmodelingpolymer decompositionsolid-state chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Synthesis

Background:

  • Traditional polymerization methods often face limitations in controlling polymer architecture and accessing specific polymer structures.
  • Solid-state synthesis offers a promising alternative for controlled polymerization under solvent-free conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) in the solid-state using ball milling.
  • To optimize reaction conditions for controlled polymerization and molecular weight tuning.
  • To explore the synthesis of random copolymers with orthogonal solubilities.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene using a Cu-based catalyst and haloalkane initiator via ball milling.
  • Optimization of milling time, frequency, and use of reductants.
  • Monitoring monomer conversion with 1H NMR spectroscopy and polymer molecular weight with size exclusion chromatography.

Main Results:

  • Achieved controlled polymerization with linear correlations between monomer conversion and polymer molecular weight.
  • Demonstrated effective tuning of polymer molecular weight by adjusting the monomer-to-initiator ratio.
  • Synthesized random copolymers of sodium styrene sulfonate and 2-vinylnaphthalene.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state ball milling provides a controlled polymerization method analogous to solution-state atom transfer radical polymerization.
  • Mechanical decomposition can occur and was accurately modeled.
  • This technique enables the preparation of polymers not accessible through conventional solution-state methods.