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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Covalent organic framework photocatalysts: structures and applications.

Han Wang1, Hui Wang, Ziwei Wang

  • 1College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China. zgming@hnu.edu.cn piaoxu@hnu.edu.cn.

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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show promise as photocatalysts for clean energy and environmental remediation. This review details their structure, synthesis, and applications in hydrogen production, CO2 conversion, and pollutant degradation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Growing energy demand and environmental pollution necessitate clean, renewable energy sources.
  • Photocatalysis offers a promising route for fuel production and pollutant degradation using solar energy.
  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as highly effective photocatalysts due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review recent advancements in COF photocatalysts.
  • To summarize and compare different COF building block linkers (e.g., boron- and nitrogen-containing).
  • To discuss COF morphologies and strategies for enhancing photocatalytic activity.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of COF photocatalyst research.
  • Analysis of diverse linker chemistries and their impact on COF structure and function.
  • Evaluation of morphological control and activity enhancement strategies for COFs.

Main Results:

  • COFs exhibit excellent structural regularity, robustness, porosity, and photocatalytic activity.
  • Boron- and nitrogen-containing linkers are key components influencing COF properties.
  • Various strategies effectively enhance the photocatalytic performance of COFs.

Conclusions:

  • COF-based photocatalysts are highly versatile for applications in hydrogen evolution, CO2 conversion, and environmental contaminant degradation.
  • Further research into COF design and application holds significant potential for sustainable energy and environmental solutions.
  • Challenges and opportunities in the future development of COF photocatalysts are identified.