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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Gene expression dynamics are a proxy for selective pressures on alternatively polyadenylated isoforms.

Michal Levin1, Harel Zalts2, Natalia Mostov2

  • 1Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz 55128, Germany.

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|May 19, 2020
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Summary

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates distinct RNA isoforms. Lowly correlated isoforms (LCI) suggest functional significance, indicated by more miRNA binding sites and altered expression patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates transcript isoforms with different 3' ends.
  • The functional implications of APA-generated isoforms are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the APA-seq method for quantifying APA isoforms.
  • To investigate the functional relevance of APA isoform expression dynamics during C. elegans embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed APA-seq to quantify APA isoforms using 3'-end RNA-Seq data and paired-end reads.
  • Analyzed temporal expression profiles of APA isoforms in C. elegans embryos.
  • Classified genes into highly correlated isoforms (HCI) and lowly correlated isoforms (LCI) based on expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Distinguished HCI and LCI gene classes based on isoform expression synchrony.
  • Found LCI genes exhibit increased miRNA binding sites and altered transcription-protein abundance correlations.
  • Demonstrated LCI genes show higher expression correlation with their targeted miRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Lack of isoform expression coherence (LCI) is a marker for selective pressure on APA usage.
  • Distinct 3' UTR isoforms in LCI genes are likely functionally relevant.
  • APA isoform regulation provides insights into gene expression evolution and function.