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Adherence to Vitamin D Intake Guidelines in the United States

Alan E Simon1, Katherine A Ahrens2

  • 1Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland; and alan.simon@nih.gov.

Pediatrics
|May 20, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Most US infants do not meet vitamin D guidelines. Since 2009, there has been no improvement in infant vitamin D intake, with less than 40% meeting recommendations.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated infant vitamin D guidelines in 2008.
  • Trends in adherence to these guidelines among US infants since 2009 remain largely unexamined.
  • Investigating demographic differences in guideline adherence is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends in meeting 2008 AAP infant vitamin D intake guidelines from 2009 to 2016.
  • To identify disparities in guideline adherence across various demographic subgroups of US infants.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of dietary recall data from the 2009-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
  • Estimation of the percentage of infants (0-11 months) meeting guidelines (≥1 L formula and/or ≥400 IU vitamin D supplement).
  • Utilization of Poisson regressions to assess temporal trends and demographic differences.

Main Results:

  • Overall, 27.1% of US infants met vitamin D guidelines between 2009-2016.
  • Nonbreastfeeding infants (31.1%) were more likely to meet guidelines than breastfeeding infants (20.5%).
  • No significant changes in guideline adherence were observed over time for any subgroup (P > .05).

Conclusions:

  • US infants have not shown increased adherence to AAP vitamin D guidelines since 2009.
  • Fewer than 40% of infants met recommended vitamin D intake across most demographic groups.
  • Findings highlight a need to re-evaluate strategies for improving infant vitamin D sufficiency.
Abstract

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