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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Twist2 promotes CD8+ T-cell differentiation by repressing ThPOK expression.

Sunsook Hwang1, Changjin Lee1,2, Kyungsoo Park1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Cell Death and Differentiation
|May 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Twist2 is crucial for CD4/CD8 T-cell differentiation. Its expression levels dictate whether thymocytes develop into CD4 or CD8 T-cells, highlighting its role in immune system development.

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Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • CD4/CD8 T-cell lineage differentiation is essential for adaptive immunity.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms translating T-cell receptor signals into lineage commitment remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key regulators of CD4/CD8 T-cell lineage differentiation.
  • To elucidate the role of Twist2 in thymocyte development and lineage commitment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Twist2 expression in thymocytes.
  • Gain- and loss-of-function studies of Twist2 in mouse models (B2m-/-, MHC class-II-/-, TCR transgenic).
  • Investigation of molecular interactions between Twist2, Runx3, and ThPOK.

Main Results:

  • Twist2 expression is differentially regulated by T-cell receptor signaling.
  • Forced Twist2 expression promotes CD8 lineage differentiation and impairs CD4 lineage differentiation.
  • Twist2 deficiency impairs CD8 T-cell development in specific genetic backgrounds.
  • Twist2 interacts with Runx3 to repress ThPOK expression, a key event in CD8 differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Twist2 is a critical regulator of CD4/CD8 T-cell lineage choice.
  • Twist2 functions as part of a transcription factor network controlling CD8 lineage commitment by inhibiting ThPOK.
  • These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of T-cell development.