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Spectrum, rate and unmet needs of sociomedical interventions in outpatient psychotherapy.

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy·2021
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Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the post-traumatic embitterment disorder self-rating scale (PTED-21) among inpatients in general hospital.

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Querulant delusion and post-traumatic embitterment disorder.

Michael Linden1

  • 1Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

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|May 20, 2020
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Summary

Embitterment, a severe mental disorder resulting from social stressors like injustice, has core symptoms including negativism and revenge fantasies. Post-traumatic Embitterment Disorder is a recognized condition, though often overlooked by health professionals.

Keywords:
Embittermentadjustment disorderposttraumatic embitterment disordersocial stressor

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Embitterment arises from social stressors like injustice, breach of trust, and humiliation.
  • Historically discussed in psychiatric literature as 'querulant delusion', it shares core symptoms with Post-traumatic Embitterment Disorder.
  • This severe mental disorder has been largely overlooked by health professionals, though embitterment is now mentioned in ICD-11.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of embitterment as a distinct mental disorder.
  • To discuss the core symptoms, measurement tools, and treatment challenges of embitterment.
  • To introduce wisdom psychotherapy as a promising treatment approach.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and contemporary psychiatric texts.
  • Discussion of core symptoms and diagnostic considerations.
  • Exploration of measurement tools like the Bern Embitterment Inventory (BVI) and PTED scale.
  • Analysis of treatment challenges and a proposed therapeutic direction.

Main Results:

  • Embitterment is characterized by negativism, helplessness, self-blame, somatic symptoms, avoidance, intrusions, and revenge fantasies.
  • Post-traumatic Embitterment Disorder accurately describes this condition.
  • The Bern Embitterment Inventory (BVI) and PTED scale are available for measurement.
  • Treatment requires addressing the unique challenges of embitterment, including potential rejection of help.

Conclusions:

  • Embitterment is a severe mental disorder often triggered by injustice and characterized by specific symptoms.
  • Wisdom psychotherapy offers a promising avenue for treating Post-traumatic Embitterment Disorder.
  • Further attention from health professionals is needed for this under-recognized condition.