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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
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Ferrocenyl-substituted low-coordinated heavier group 14 elements.

Takahiro Sasamori1

  • 1Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan. sasamori@nsc.nagoya-cu.ac.jp.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|May 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized novel ferrocenyl-substituted low-coordinated silicon, germanium, and lead species. These compounds demonstrate enhanced redox stability, expanding possibilities for heavier group 14 element chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Stable low-coordinated species of heavier group 14 elements (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) are increasingly recognized.
  • Existing examples include divalent species and compounds with multiple bonds.
  • Achieving enhanced redox stability in these species remains a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize unprecedented low-coordinated species of heavier group 14 elements.
  • To incorporate ferrocenyl (Fc) substituents to enhance redox stability.
  • To summarize recent advancements in Fc-based low-coordinated heavier group 14 element chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Design of ferrocenyl-substituted precursors.
  • Synthetic strategies for low-coordinated heavier group 14 element species.
  • Characterization of the synthesized compounds (e.g., NMR, X-ray crystallography).

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of novel Fc-substituted low-coordinated Si, Ge, and Pb species.
  • Demonstration of significantly improved redox stability compared to non-Fc analogues.
  • Exploration of the unique electronic and structural properties conferred by the Fc group.

Conclusions:

  • Ferrocenyl substitution is an effective strategy for stabilizing low-coordinated heavier group 14 elements.
  • These new compounds offer potential applications in catalysis and materials science.
  • Further research into Fc-based heavier group 14 element chemistry is warranted.