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Related Concept Videos

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes
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Evolutionary Dynamics of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint in Eukaryotes.

Geert J P L Kops1, Berend Snel2, Eelco C Tromer3

  • 1Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Current Biology : CB
|May 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Evolutionary changes in molecular networks drive eukaryotic diversity. Studying the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) reveals how comparative genomics and molecular insights explain cellular evolution and chromosome segregation fidelity.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular cell biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic diversity arises from evolutionary modifications in molecular networks.
  • Understanding these networks explains cellular diversity and identifies conserved evolutionary principles.
  • The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary dynamics of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC).
  • To illustrate how molecular and genomic data can explain divergent SAC systems.
  • To provide a framework for understanding the evolution of cellular diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SAC molecular mechanisms.
  • Comparative analysis of SAC components across eukaryotic species.
  • Integration of molecular knowledge with extensive comparative genomics.

Main Results:

  • Divergent SAC systems in eukaryotes can be understood through combined molecular and genomic analyses.
  • Evolutionary modifications in the SAC network impact chromosome segregation fidelity.
  • Insights into SAC evolution offer a model for studying other core cellular systems.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the evolution of molecular networks like the SAC is key to explaining eukaryotic cellular diversity.
  • Comparative genomics and experimental interrogation across diverse lineages are essential for uncovering evolutionary rules.
  • This approach can illuminate the pathways and outcomes of cellular evolution.