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Melleins-Intriguing Natural Compounds.

Pierluigi Reveglia1,2, Marco Masi1, Antonio Evidente1

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Melleins, fungal 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins, are vital specialized metabolites. This review covers their discovery, characterization, and biosynthesis pathways from 1933 to 2019.

Keywords:
3,4-dihydroisocoumarinsbiological activitiesbiosynthesischemical characterizationmelleins

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Area of Science:

  • Natural product chemistry
  • Mycology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Melleins are 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins produced by diverse organisms including fungi, plants, insects, and bacteria.
  • These specialized metabolites are integral to the producers' life cycles and influence various biochemical and ecological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of natural-occurring melleins.
  • To trace the historical isolation and characterization of melleins from 1933 to 2019.
  • To discuss potential mellein biosynthesis pathways, enzymes, and genes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on melleins.
  • Analysis of isolation, chemical, and biological characterization data.
  • Discussion of biosynthetic pathways based on existing research.

Main Results:

  • Melleins have been studied since 1933, with significant advances in their characterization up to 2019.
  • A wide range of organisms produce melleins, highlighting their ecological importance.
  • Potential biosynthetic pathways, key enzymes, and genes involved in mellein production are explored.

Conclusions:

  • Melleins are a significant class of specialized metabolites with diverse biological roles.
  • Continued research into mellein biosynthesis can uncover novel enzymes and pathways.
  • Understanding melleins contributes to natural product chemistry and fungal metabolite research.