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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Synthesis of Functionalized 10-nm Polymer-coated Gold Particles for Endothelium Targeting and Drug Delivery
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Going even smaller: Engineering sub-5 nm nanoparticles for improved delivery, biocompatibility, and functionality.

Manman Xie1, Yaolin Xu1, Jing Huang2

  • 1Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology
|May 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Sub-5 nm nanomaterials offer enhanced biocompatibility and unique properties for advanced disease diagnosis and treatment. Engineering these nanoparticles is crucial for their clinical translation in nanomedicine.

Keywords:
biodistributionimagingnanoparticlesrenal clearancetheranostics

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Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have revolutionized individualized disease diagnosis and treatment.
  • Nanomaterials (10-200 nm) offer platforms for functionalized diagnostic and therapeutic systems.
  • Sub-5 nm inorganic nanoparticles (gold, silver, silica, iron oxide) are emerging for improved biocompatibility and pharmacokinetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for engineering sub-5 nm nanoparticles for clinical translation.
  • To update on the properties and applications of biocompatible sub-5 nm nanomaterials.
  • To provide perspectives on the future development of these advanced nanomaterials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on sub-5 nm nanomaterials.
  • Analysis of chemical, physical, and biological properties.
  • Evaluation of demonstrated imaging and theranostic applications.

Main Results:

  • Sub-5 nm nanomaterials exhibit unique size-dependent properties, including renal clearance and novel imaging contrast.
  • These nanoparticles show promise for improved drug delivery, imaging probes, and in vivo theranostics.
  • Rational design strategies are key for developing clinically translatable sub-5 nm nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

  • Sub-5 nm nanomaterials represent a significant advancement in nanomedicine.
  • Further research into their rational design and application is essential for clinical translation.
  • These nanoparticles hold great potential for future diagnostic and therapeutic innovations.