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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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New tools for cell reprogramming and conversion: Possible applications to livestock.

Fulvio Gandolfi1, Sharon Arcuri2, Georgia Pennarossa2

  • 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Italy.

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|May 22, 2020
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Summary

Epigenetic manipulation offers an efficient alternative to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for livestock reprogramming. Combining epigenetic erasing, 3D cell rearrangement, and chemical induction enhances reprogramming efficiency for livestock production.

Keywords:
cell reprogrammingepigenetic erasingmechanosensing

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming and developmental biology.
  • Epigenetics and molecular mechanisms of cell plasticity.
  • Biotechnology applications in livestock production.

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are established but inefficient methods for cell reprogramming.
  • Current reprogramming techniques face challenges, particularly in their application to livestock species.
  • Epigenetic manipulation has emerged as a promising alternative for efficient cell reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore epigenetic manipulation as an efficient and robust method for cell reprogramming in domestic species.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic reprogramming, including the roles of DNA methylation and TET proteins.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of mechanical stimuli (3D cell rearrangement) and chemical induction on reprogramming efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing small molecules like 5-azacytidine (5-Aza-CR) to induce widespread DNA demethylation.
  • Investigating the combined action of reduced DNA methyltransferase activity and TET protein-mediated demethylation.
  • Applying 3D cell rearrangement as a mechanical stimulus to enhance reprogramming efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic manipulation, particularly with 5-Aza-CR, allows for widespread demethylation and subsequent re-methylation to achieve desired phenotypes in domestic animals.
  • Cell plasticity is regulated by the interplay between DNA methyltransferase activity and TET protein-driven demethylation, mirroring processes in iPS generation and early development.
  • Mechanical stimuli via 3D cell rearrangement significantly improve the efficiency of epigenetic reprogramming and pluripotency maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • A balanced combination of epigenetic erasing, 3D cell rearrangement, and chemical induction offers a powerful strategy for generating specific cell types.
  • This approach holds significant potential for advancing livestock production by leveraging gene editing and cloning technologies.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming presents a viable and efficient alternative for livestock applications, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.