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Related Concept Videos

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Meiosis II02:02

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Meiosis II01:57

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes
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The spindle assembly checkpoint and speciation.

Robert C Jackson1, Hitesh B Mistry2

  • 1Pharmacometrics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Peerj
|May 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Speciation can occur without geographic isolation through chromosomal rearrangements. These changes, impacting the spindle assembly checkpoint, can lead to reproductive isolation and the emergence of new species.

Keywords:
EvolutionMathematical modelSpeciationSpindle assembly checkpoint

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Speciation typically requires geographical isolation.
  • Closely related species with similar genomes can be reproductively isolated by chromosomal rearrangements.
  • The propagation of such rearrangements has lacked a clear explanation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a mechanism for speciation without geographical isolation.
  • To explain the propagation of chromosomal rearrangements leading to reproductive isolation.

Main Methods:

  • Consideration of the dynamics of the spindle assembly checkpoint.
  • Evolutionary dynamics calculations.
  • Modeling the accumulation of karyotypic changes.

Main Results:

  • Chromosomal fission or fusion events can allow viable heterozygotes with decreased fertility.
  • Selective advantage in overlapping niches can drive the accumulation of rearranged karyotypes.
  • Homozygotes emerge, leading to two partially reproductively isolated populations.

Conclusions:

  • Speciation can occur via karyotypic changes without geographical isolation.
  • The spindle assembly checkpoint dynamics provide a mechanism for the propagation of rearrangements.
  • This mechanism supports a definition of species based on reproductive isolation through karyotypic differences.