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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Non-coding RNAs in Nervous System Development and Disease.

Beatrice Salvatori1, Silvia Biscarini1, Mariangela Morlando2

  • 1Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|May 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are key regulators in the nervous system. This review explores their roles in development, aging, neurological disorders, and potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
biomarkerscircRNAsncRNAsneurodegenerative diseasesneuronal developmentsynaptic activitytherapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA sequencing advances reveal numerous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • ncRNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are crucial for gene expression regulation.
  • These molecules play significant roles in tissue- and cell-type-specific regulatory complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions of lncRNAs and circRNAs in the nervous system.
  • To highlight their involvement in nervous system development, plasticity, aging, and neurological disorders.
  • To discuss their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lncRNAs and circRNAs in the nervous system.
  • Analysis of their roles in cellular processes, development, and disease.
  • Exploration of current and future therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs and circRNAs are abundant in the nervous system and critical for its function.
  • These ncRNAs are implicated in neurodevelopment, plasticity, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Emerging evidence supports their use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs and circRNAs are vital regulators in the nervous system across its lifespan.
  • Understanding their mechanisms offers new avenues for treating neurological disorders.
  • Further research into ncRNAs holds promise for neurotherapeutics and diagnostics.