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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
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Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Does behavioural inhibition system dysfunction contribute to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

S Sadeghi1, J McIntosh1, S M Shadli1

  • 1Department Psychology, University of Otago, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.

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|May 22, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes show distinct patterns in Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) function. ADHD-Inattentive (ADHD-I) may involve reduced BIS sensitivity, while ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) shows altered BIS activity, suggesting complex BIS involvement in ADHD.

Keywords:
ADHDAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderEEGbehavioural inhibition systeminhibitionstop signal task

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits a Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) linked to anxiety and internalizing disorders.
  • Low BIS sensitivity is hypothesized to characterize externalizing disorders.
  • BIS dysfunction is explored as a potential factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), an externalizing disorder, is associated with low BIS sensitivity.
  • To examine differences in BIS function between ADHD-Inattentive (ADHD-I) and ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) subtypes compared to healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Goal-Conflict-Specific Rhythmicity (GCSR), a right frontal EEG biomarker for BIS function, in an auditory Stop Signal Task.
  • Assessed GCSR in children diagnosed with ADHD-I or ADHD-C and healthy controls across two study sites: Dunedin, New Zealand, and Tehran, Iran.
  • Compared GCSR patterns between ADHD subtypes and control groups.

Main Results:

  • GCSR was clearly observed in healthy controls (6-7 Hz) and ADHD-C (8-9 Hz).
  • A reduction in GCSR was found in children with ADHD-I.
  • Increased GCSR frequency in ADHD-C suggests potential increased input to the BIS, rather than reduced activity.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced attention and arousal in ADHD-I may be partly attributed to BIS dysfunction.
  • Hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD-C are unlikely to stem solely from reduced BIS activity.
  • BIS dysfunction may contribute to certain ADHD aspects and subtype differences, but other neural systems, like dopamine, are also crucial.