Characterization of Bulk Nanobubbles Formed by Using a Porous Alumina Film with Ordered Nanopores

Nanobubbles (NBs), with their unique physicochemical properties and promising applications, have become an important research topic. Generation of monodispersed bulk NBs with specified gas content remains a challenge. We developed a simple method for generating bulk NBs, using porous alumina films with ordered straight nanoscaled holes. Different techniques, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), are used to confirm NB formation. The NTA data demonstrate that the minimum size of the NBs formed is less than 100 nm, which is comparable to the diameter of nanoholes in the porous alumina film. By generating NBs with different gases, including CO₂, O₂, N₂, Ar, and He, we discovered that the minimum size of NBs negatively correlated with the solubility of encapsulated gases in water. Due to the monodispersed size of NBs generated from the highly ordered porous alumina, we determined that NB size is distributed discretely with a uniform increment factor of [Formula: see text]. To explain the observed characteristic size distribution of NBs, we propose a simple model in which two NBs of the same size are assumed to preferentially coalesce. This characteristic bubble size distribution is useful for elucidating the basic characteristics of nanobubbles, such as the long-term stability of NBs. This distribution can also be used to develop new applications of NBs, for example, nanoscaled reaction fields through bubble coalescence.