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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane

Published on: December 9, 2022

Nine Months.

Elselijn Kingma¹

¹University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy

|May 22, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human organisms begin existence at birth, not conception. This challenges the view that a fetus is separate from the maternal organism, arguing it

Keywords:

embryo fetal development fetus foster metaphysics ontology substance

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Philosophy of Medicine
Human Embryology

Background:

The precise moment a human organism begins to exist is a subject of ongoing debate.
Existing theories, such as Smith and Brogaard's, propose gastrulation (16 days post-conception) as the starting point.
Critics argue for an earlier onset, closer to conception.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically evaluate the ontological commitments regarding the beginning of human organisms.
To propose an alternative perspective on the onset of human organism existence based on established criteria.

Main Methods:

Analysis of the ontological framework proposed by Smith and Brogaard.
Examination of the relationship between the fetus and the maternal organism.
Logical deduction based on the definition of organismal integration.

Main Results:

If the fetus is considered part of the maternal organism, then human organisms begin, on average, nine months after conception.
This conclusion is reached by applying Smith and Brogaard's own criteria to a different premise regarding fetal-maternal integration.
The study demonstrates that human organisms commence existence precisely at birth.

Conclusions:

The prevailing views on the beginning of human life require re-evaluation.
The integration of the fetus within the maternal organism is a critical factor in determining organismal origin.
Birth represents the definitive start of a distinct human organism.