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Approach to Feeding Difficulties in Neonates and Infants: A Comprehensive Overview
Ish K Gulati1, Zakia Sultana2, Sudarshan R Jadcherla3
1Innovative Infant Feeding Disorders Research Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Neonatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroads, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
Abstract:
Deglutition disorders (DD) can be transient and considered as physiologic during normal maturation. However, when oral feeding milestones are impaired and bothersome symptoms and aerodigestive consequences are associated, it is interpreted as DD with varying specific entities, such as feeding difficulties, swallowing disorders, aerodigestive illness, and aspiration syndromes. Symptoms related to DD are heterogeneous and managed empirically. This article clarifies current controversies, explains the potential role of safe feeding and physiologic and pathophysiologic perspectives, and highlights current advances in the field. Evidence basis for diagnostic strategies is discussed, and involves evaluation for structure and function tests, and nutrition and feeding assessment.
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