Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
Published on: March 30, 2017
Confinement and Lack of Thermalization after Quenches in the Bosonic Schwinger Model
Titas Chanda1, Jakub Zakrzewski1,2, Maciej Lewenstein3,4
1Instytut Fizyki Teoretycznej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
Abstract:
We excite the vacuum of a relativistic theory of bosons coupled to a U(1) gauge field in 1+1 dimensions (bosonic Schwinger model) out of equilibrium by creating a spatially separated particle-antiparticle pair connected by a string of electric field. During the evolution, we observe a strong confinement of bosons witnessed by the bending of their light cone, reminiscent of what has been observed for the Ising model [Nat. Phys. 13, 246 (2017)NPAHAX1745-247310.1038/nphys3934]. As a consequence, for the timescales we are able to simulate, the system evades thermalization and generates exotic asymptotic states. These states are made of two disjoint regions, an external deconfined region that seems to thermalize, and an inner core that reveals an area-law saturation of the entanglement entropy.
Related Concept Videos
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes
Equilibrium Conditions for a Particle
To understand the concept of equilibrium, let us first consider the forces acting on an object. When different forces act on an object, they can...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom
The de Broglie Wavelength
Entropy

