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Related Concept Videos

Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
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Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure01:10

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Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the...
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Sites for measruring blood pressure01:21

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Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
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Pulse01:16

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(one-step method)01:15

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This procedural guide systematically measures blood pressure using an oscillometric digital sphygmomanometer, emphasizing accuracy, patient safety, and comfort.
Prepare for the Procedure:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
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New Comprehensive Reference Values for Arterial Vascular Parameters in Children.

Tsukasa Torigoe1, Frédéric Dallaire2, Cameron Slorach3

  • 1Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography
|May 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study provides essential pediatric reference values and Z-score equations for key vascular parameters, crucial for early detection and management of cardiovascular diseases in children.

Keywords:
Arterial stiffnessChildrenEndothelial functionIntima-media thicknessNormal data

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric cardiology
  • Vascular physiology
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Noninvasive vascular parameters aid in cardiovascular disease detection and risk stratification.
  • Existing pediatric reference values for vascular parameters are limited.
  • Age and body size significantly influence most vascular parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish comprehensive pediatric reference values for vascular parameters.
  • To develop Z-score equations for these parameters in children aged 0-18 years.
  • To enable better assessment of vascular health in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 292 healthy children aged 0-18 years.
  • Assessed multiple vascular parameters including stiffness index β, elastic modulus, intima-media thickness, and pulse-wave velocities.
  • Utilized parametric multivariate regression for age and anthropometric normalization, generating Z scores.

Main Results:

  • Developed Z-score equations for vascular parameters, independent of age and body size.
  • Confirmed no residual association between Z scores and age, body size, or BMI.
  • Validated normal distribution of the derived Z scores.

Conclusions:

  • Presents novel reference values and Z-score equations for a wide range of pediatric vascular parameters.
  • Highlights the need for further research to validate their clinical utility in identifying subclinical atherosclerosis and congenital heart disease.