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Related Concept Videos

Errors in Taping01:18

Errors in Taping

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Errors in taping arise from multiple factors that can significantly impact measurement accuracy in surveying. Misalignment of the tape, often due to human error, is one primary source. A skilled rear tapeman, using a telescope, can help correct alignment by guiding the head tapeman; however, human limitations still lead to small inaccuracies. These errors may include misplacement of pins or inaccurate tape readings due to common visual confusions, such as mistaking a six for a nine. Such...
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Taping Over Different Ground Profiles01:12

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles

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Taping over varying ground profiles requires careful adaptation to achieve accurate measurements. On smooth, level ground with minimal vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. Here, the taping team, typically consisting of a head and a rear tapeman, coordinates their positions with clear communication. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the starting point and guides the head tapeman toward a range pole placed beyond the endpoint, using hand or voice signals to ensure alignment.On...
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Goodness-of-Fit Test01:16

Goodness-of-Fit Test

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The goodness-of-fit test is a type of hypothesis test which determines whether the data "fits" a particular distribution. For example, one may suspect that some anonymous data may fit a binomial distribution. A chi-square test (meaning the distribution for the hypothesis test is chi-square) can be used to determine if there is a fit. The null and alternative hypotheses may be written in sentences or stated as equations or inequalities. The test statistic for a goodness-of-fit test is given as...
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Modeling and Similitude01:12

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Scaled modeling is a fundamental technique in engineering, enabling the study of large and complex systems by creating smaller, manageable replicas that recreate critical characteristics of the original. In hydrology and civil infrastructure, for example, scaled models of dams help analyze water flow, turbulence, and pressure. This method allows for accurate predictions of real-world behavior within a controlled environment, significantly reducing the cost and time involved in full-scale...
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Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving01:09

Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving

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Designing a solid shaft that transmits power from a motor to a machine tool involves a series of calculations to ensure the shaft can withstand the stresses applied by bending moments and torques. First, calculate the torque exerted on the gear, considering the power transmitted by the shaft and its rotational speed. Following this, compute the tangential forces acting on the gears, which directly relate to the torque and the gear radius.
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Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members: Problem Solving01:07

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members: Problem Solving

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The shear center of a channel section with uniform thickness, height, and width, is determined by computing the shear force in the member and calculating the moments of inertia of the sections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs
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How a tailor achieves the perfect fit.

Jeff D Colbert1, Kenneth L Rock1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|May 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAPs) trim antigenic peptides to optimal lengths for immune presentation. New research shows this crucial trimming occurs in solution, not while peptides are bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Proteostasis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present antigenic peptides to T cells, a critical step in adaptive immunity.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAPs) are key enzymes that trim peptides to optimal lengths for stable MHC I binding and presentation.
  • The precise mechanism and location of ERAP trimming activity remain incompletely understood, with questions about whether it occurs on or off the MHC I molecule.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAPs) trim peptides while they are bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules or in solution.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which ERAPs generate the immunopeptidome presented by MHC I molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized biochemical assays to assess ERAP activity on peptides bound to MHC I molecules versus peptides in solution.

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  • Employed mass spectrometry to analyze peptide products and determine trimming efficiency and specificity under different conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that ERAP-mediated trimming of peptides is significantly impaired when peptides are stably bound to MHC I molecules.
    • Provided evidence that ERAPs efficiently trim peptides in solution to generate optimal lengths for MHC I binding.
    • Indicated that ERAP activity is largely independent of the MHC I molecule itself during the trimming process.

    Conclusions:

    • ERAP trimming of antigenic peptides primarily occurs in solution, not on the MHC I molecule.
    • ERAPs act independently to generate the repertoire of peptides presented by MHC I, suggesting a 'free hand' editing mechanism.
    • These findings clarify a critical step in antigen processing and have implications for understanding immune recognition and developing immunotherapies.