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Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites
Published on: November 28, 2014
Adsorption of phenanthrene from aqueous solutions by biochar derived from an ammoniation-hydrothermal method
Xiaoqing Wang1, Zizhang Guo1, Zhen Hu1
1Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
Abstract:
An innovative ammoniation-hydrothermal method of biochar production was developed for the adsorption of phenanthrene (PHE) from aqueous solutions in this paper. Phragmites australis (PA) was used to produce biochar in a hydrothermal kettle at 280 °C in muffle furnace using urea as an ammoniation reagent. Characterizations were executed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to explore its morphological, physical, and chemical properties. Batch experiments of PHE adsorption were carried out to study the adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Quantum chemistry computational simulations were employed based on density functional theory (DFT) to establish and optimize adsorption configurations and analyze the biochar's structural effects on adsorption performance. Results showed that the ammoniation-hydrothermal method produced biochar with a higher surface area and a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of 1.97 mg/g. The adsorption fitted well with Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.96) and Pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.82). Adsorption energy calculation revealed that the N functionalities, especially pyridine N in the N-doped biochar structure, exhibited stronger binding ability with PHE, which contributed most to the favorable adsorption ability of the ammoniation-hydrothermal biochar.
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