Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners
Analgesia and Pain Management
Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs
Opioid Receptors: Overview
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
Published on: June 10, 2013
David A Keith1, Ronald J Kulich2, Alexis A Vasciannie3
1Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Fruit Street, Warren 1201, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Dentists should prioritize safer pain relief options over opioids. Responsible prescribing for dental pain involves addressing the source and using analgesics judiciously, ensuring continued therapeutic prescribing privileges.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: