Anticoagulant treatment and bleeding complications in patients with left ventricular assist devices

The treatment options for advanced heart failure patients drastically changed with the introduction of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), either as bridge to transplant or as destination therapy for patients ineligible for transplant. Despite major benefits in terms of survival, functional status and quality of life, managing patients with LVADs comes with several challenges. The most significant challenge is balancing between the risks of thrombotic and bleeding complications.

The present review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the alterations in the hemostatic profile of LVAD patients, and summarizes current evidence to guide clinical decision making with regard to anticoagulant treatment and management of bleeding complications.

LVAD patients require life-long anticoagulant therapy to reduce the risk of pump thrombosis. However, exposing LVAD patients to anticoagulant therapy, in combination with common acquired coagulopathies after LVAD implantation such as acquired von Willebrand syndrome, comes with high risks of bleeding. There is a need for randomized controlled trials in LVAD patients to determine the optimal antithrombotic regimen and find the most effective balance between thrombotic and bleeding complications. In addition, strategies to specifically target the acquired von Willebrand syndrome and its associated angiodysplasias need to be evaluated in the LVAD population.