Coronaviruses pathogenesis, comorbidities and multi-organ damage - A review

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Immunology
• Pathology

Background:

• Human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), are significant global health threats causing high morbidity and mortality.
• These viruses are strongly linked to numerous comorbidities, exacerbating disease severity and leading to multi-organ dysfunction.
• SARS-CoV-2 exhibits higher pathogenicity and mortality rates compared to previous coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the mechanisms by which coronaviruses induce multi-organ damage in the presence of comorbidities.
• To provide a molecular-level understanding of coronavirus-associated comorbidities and organ impairment.
• To review current therapeutic strategies for coronavirus infections, considering their impact on organ systems.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review focusing on the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus infection.
• Analysis of studies detailing the association between coronaviruses and various comorbidities.
• Examination of research on multi-organ dysfunction, immunopathology, and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

• Coronavirus infection primarily causes alveolar damage and acute respiratory failure.
• Associated organ damage includes cardiovascular risks (hypertension via ACE2), gastrointestinal, kidney, liver, lung, and central nervous system dysfunction.
• Other risks include ocular issues, cancer, venous thromboembolism, tuberculosis, aging effects, and reproductive health concerns.

Conclusions:

• Coronaviruses, especially COVID-19, induce significant multi-organ damage through complex molecular pathways.
• Comorbidities play a critical role in the severity and progression of coronavirus-related multi-organ failure.
• A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments and managing patient care.