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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Structure of a Gene01:30

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Evolutionary dynamics of gene regulation.

Douglas H Erwin1

  • 1Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|May 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Changes in the regulatory genome are fundamental to evolution, involving novel elements, expanded capacity, gene network repatterning, and altered specificity. These mechanisms drive evolutionary and developmental changes, including morphological diversity.

Keywords:
Co-optionMacroevolutionNovelty

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The role of regulatory genome changes in evolution was long debated.
  • Recent recognition highlights regulatory changes as a core component of evolutionary dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the dominant modes of regulatory genome evolution.
  • To understand the link between regulatory evolution and morphological changes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic studies.
  • Analysis of regulatory elements (enhancers, promoters).
  • Investigation of gene regulatory network dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Identified four key modes of regulatory genome evolution: origin of novelties, expansion of regulatory capacity, gene network repatterning, and changes in specificity.
  • Regulatory changes expand combinatorial complexity and cell type diversity.
  • Repatterning involves transposons, promoter switching, and gene co-option.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory genome evolution is a fundamental driver of evolutionary novelty and morphological diversity.
  • Understanding the patterns of regulatory change associated with evolutionary novelties remains an active area of research.