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Macaques in China: Evolutionary dispersion and subsequent development.

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Macaque dispersal in China followed river routes, avoiding high plateaus. Their range has significantly shrunk due to climate change and human activity, threatening extinction without conservation.

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Climate and human-induced distributional shiftsMacaque radiationPrimate conservationPrimate evolution in China

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Zoology
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Understanding species' evolutionary history and distribution is vital for effective conservation.
  • Macaque dispersal patterns in China are influenced by geographical and historical factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct macaque dispersal pathways and historical distribution in China.
  • To identify factors influencing macaque range shifts over time.
  • To predict future macaque distribution under current environmental pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fossil sites from the Pliocene to Holocene epochs.
  • Examination of historical records dating back to 1175 AD.
  • Mapping of macaque dispersal routes, including riverine and plateau-adjacent pathways.

Main Results:

  • Macaques utilized major river estuaries (Yangtze, Yellow, Pearl) and avoided high-elevation plateaus for dispersal and radiation.
  • Pleistocene occupation of mainland China and islands contrasted with Holocene range contraction.
  • Significant range reductions occurred in China between 1817-1917 and 1918-2018, linked to climate and human activities.
  • The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Mts. Hengduan emerged as crucial western sanctuaries.

Conclusions:

  • Macaque radiation was facilitated by river systems and avoidance of high altitudes.
  • Climate change and human expansion have drastically reduced macaque distribution, particularly in east and central China.
  • Urgent conservation actions are necessary to prevent potential extinction of macaques in eastern and central China.