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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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Anticipation-induced delta phase reset improves human olfactory perception.

Ghazaleh Arabkheradmand1, Guangyu Zhou1, Torben Noto1

  • 1Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

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|May 27, 2020
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Summary

Anticipating an odor enhances smell perception by resetting brain wave activity in the piriform cortex. This neural phase reset improves odor detection and accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory perception
  • Brain oscillations

Background:

  • Anticipating an odor improves sensory detection and perception.
  • The neural basis of olfactory anticipation remains unclear.
  • Understanding olfactory anticipation is crucial for sensory neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms of olfactory anticipation.
  • To determine how the brain prepares for incoming odor stimuli.
  • To link neural activity during anticipation to perceptual outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings.
  • Analysis of neural oscillations (delta and theta bands) in the piriform cortex.
  • Correlation of neural phase resetting with odor detection accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Anticipation phase-resets delta oscillations in the piriform cortex before odor arrival.
  • This anticipatory phase reset correlates with increased odor-evoked theta power.
  • Improved perceptual accuracy for detected odors was linked to this neural mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory anticipation enhances perception via phase resetting of delta oscillations in the piriform cortex.
  • This mechanism is consistent across individuals and not due to motor preparation.
  • Findings provide insight into the neural dynamics of predictive sensory processing.