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Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
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Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Antimicrobials from Venomous Animals: An Overview.

Tania Yacoub1, Mohamad Rima2, Marc Karam1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Balamand, Kalhat, Al-Kurah, P.O. box 100 Tripoli, Lebanon.

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Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat. This review explores natural antimicrobial agents from animal venoms and secretions, highlighting their potential to combat resistant microbes.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Natural Products Chemistry

Background:

  • The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, driven by the overuse of conventional antimicrobial agents.
  • Natural products, including animal venoms and secretions, have historically served as a source of therapeutic compounds and offer diverse mechanisms of action.
  • There is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies to overcome drug-resistant pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the antimicrobial activities of crude animal venoms and secretions.
  • To identify and describe specific peptides within these natural sources responsible for antimicrobial effects.
  • To highlight the potential of animal-derived compounds as a source for new antimicrobial agents.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies on animal venoms and secretions with reported antimicrobial activity.
  • Analysis of research detailing the isolation and characterization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from various animal sources.
  • Synthesis of data on the mechanisms of action of identified AMPs against different microbial species.

Main Results:

  • Animal venoms and secretions exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, including antibacterial and antifungal properties.
  • Numerous bioactive peptides have been identified as the primary mediators of these antimicrobial effects.
  • These peptides often possess unique mechanisms of action, distinct from conventional antibiotics, suggesting potential to overcome existing resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Animal venoms and secretions represent a promising reservoir of natural antimicrobial agents.
  • Antimicrobial peptides derived from these sources warrant further investigation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against resistant infections.
  • Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of animal-derived compounds could provide valuable tools in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.