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Related Concept Videos

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions00:59

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine on postsynaptic muscarinic receptors to generate parasympathetic responses. These agents elicit a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular effects. For example, activation of muscarinic receptors induces bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, reduced peripheral resistance, and consequent hypotension. In the eye, stimulation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle...
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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions01:30

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, also known as anticholinesterases, exert their pharmacological effects by enhancing cholinergic transmission in various body parts, including the neuromuscular junction, autonomic cholinergic synapses, and the brain.
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

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Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
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Cholinergic Modulation of Binocular Vision.

Yasha Sheynin1, Pedro Rosa-Neto2, Robert F Hess3

  • 1McGill Vision Research, McGill University, MontrĂ©al, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acetylcholine (ACh) modulates binocular vision by reducing eye competition during visual tasks. Enhancing ACh transmission with donepezil lessens perceptual suppression, impacting interocular dynamics in the visual cortex.

Keywords:
acetylcholinesterase inhibitorsbinocular rivalrybinocular visioncholinergic modulationexcitatory/inhibitory balancevisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Cholinergic System

Background:

  • Acetylcholine (ACh) influences the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the primate visual cortex.
  • ACh is suggested to play a role in interocular interactions within the human visual system.
  • The precise role of ACh in binocular processes remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of potentiating acetylcholine (ACh) on binocular vision using binocular rivalry.
  • To determine how the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) donepezil influences interocular dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • A crossover study involving 23 participants who underwent binocular rivalry measurements.
  • Participants received either donepezil (5 mg) or a placebo (lactose) in two separate sessions.
  • Measurements were taken before and after drug or placebo administration.

Main Results:

  • Enhanced cholinergic activity via donepezil attenuated perceptual suppression during binocular rivalry.
  • This resulted in a reduced rate of interocular competition.
  • Visibility of superimposed mixed percepts was enhanced.

Conclusions:

  • The cholinergic system modulates binocular interactions in the human visual cortex.
  • Potentiating ACh transmission reduces the dominance competition between the eyes.
  • ACh may counteract GABAergic inhibition in interocular dynamics.