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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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The lethal sex gap: COVID-19.

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Older adults, particularly men, face severe risks from COVID-19. Understanding how aging and sex impact the immune system is crucial for addressing infection rates and disease severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disproportionately affects older adults, especially men.
  • Age and biological sex are critical factors influencing health outcomes, alongside pre-existing conditions.
  • Previous research highlights the importance of age and sex in clinical considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how age and sex influence the human immune system.
  • To connect findings on immune system alterations in aging to COVID-19 infection rates and disease risk.

Main Methods:

  • Interdisciplinary scientific collaboration (immunology, hematology, genomics, bioinformatics, geriatrics).
  • Review and reflection on recent findings regarding immune system changes with aging.

Main Results:

  • Aging significantly alters the immune system.
  • These alterations may explain differential COVID-19 susceptibility and severity based on age and sex.

Conclusions:

  • Age and sex are key determinants of immune response.
  • Further research into age- and sex-specific immune alterations can inform COVID-19 clinical management and risk assessment.