Circulating activated lymphocyte subsets as potential blood biomarkers of cancer progression

The objective of this study was to predict the value of lymphocyte subsets in cancer progression. Peripheral blood was obtained from 327 untreated patients with cancer and 158 healthy volunteers. Levels of lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. There were decreased levels of natural killer (NK) cells, CD8⁺ T cells, and naïve CD4⁺ /CD4⁺ T cells in untreated patients with cancer compared to those in healthy controls. Inversely, there were elevated levels of the following T-cell percentages in cancer patients compared to those in healthy controls: memory CD4⁺ /CD4⁺ , CD8⁺ T cells, HLA-DR/CD8⁺ , CD8⁺ CD38⁺ /CD8⁺ , and CD4⁺ /CD8⁺ . In addition, there are a decreasing trend in terms of CD4⁺ T-cell counts and an increase CD8⁺ HLA-DR/CD8⁺ T-cell and CD8⁺ CD38⁺ /CD8⁺ T-cell percentages in the advanced stage. An increasing trend with advanced tumor stage and the percentages of CD8⁺ HLA-DR/CD8⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ CD38⁺ /CD8⁺ T cells was shown in this study. There are a negative correlation for CD4⁺ T-cell counts and positive correlation for percentages of CD8⁺ HLA-DR/CD8⁺ T cell and CD8⁺ CD38⁺ /CD8⁺ T cells with the lymph node metastasis. In the presence of distant metastatic spread, we observed higher NK-cell counts, CD8⁺ HLA-DR/CD8⁺ T-cell percentages, CD8⁺ CD38⁺ /CD8⁺ T-cell percentages, as well as lower CD4⁺ T-cell counts than those in the absence of distant metastases spread. Abnormal levels of NK cell, CD8⁺ T cells, memory CD4⁺ /CD4⁺ , naïve CD4⁺ / CD4⁺ , CD8⁺ HLA-DR/CD8⁺ , CD8⁺ CD38⁺ /CD8⁺ , and CD4⁺ /CD8⁺ can be a potential blood biomarkers of cancer development. CD4+ T-cell counts and percentages of CD8⁺ HLA-DR/ CD8⁺ and CD8⁺ CD38⁺ / CD8⁺ can predict the cancer progression.