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Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) research in the 1980s identified *Staphylococcus aureus* and TSST-1 as causes. Cases continue to occur, with TSST-1 producing bacteria reemerging, necessitating heightened physician awareness.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) gained public and scientific attention in the 1980s.
  • Early research elucidated the causative agent, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and its toxin TSST-1.
  • Key risk factors, such as tampon use, were identified, leading to public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical understanding and conclusions regarding mTSS development and risk factors.
  • To highlight the ongoing occurrence of mTSS despite reduced public awareness.
  • To emphasize the potential reemergence of TSST-1 producing *S. aureus*.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical research and epidemiological data on mTSS.
  • Analysis of the role of *Staphylococcus aureus* and TSST-1 in disease pathogenesis.
  • Examination of risk factors and public health interventions.

Main Results:

  • Identification of *Staphylococcus aureus* and TSST-1 as the primary cause of mTSS.
  • Establishment of tampon use as a significant risk factor.
  • Implementation of warning labels and standardized absorbency ratings for tampons.

Conclusions:

  • mTSS cases continue to occur, underscoring the need for ongoing vigilance.
  • *S. aureus* strains, including TSST-1 producers, exhibit cyclical population dynamics.
  • Heightened physician awareness of mTSS and bacterial reemergence is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.