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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Peptides from Phage Display Library Modulate Gene Expression in Mesenchymal Cells and Potentiate Osteogenesis in Unicortical Bone Defects
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PTH and PTHrP Actions on Bone.

Larry J Suva1, Peter A Friedman2

  • 1Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|May 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone health. Understanding their complex signaling is key for treating related diseases and developing new therapies.

Keywords:
Bone biologyMineral metabolismParathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone-related peptideReceptor signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) are crucial regulators of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
  • These peptides act via a shared G protein-coupled receptor (PTHR) to influence mineral metabolism and skeletal development.
  • Dysregulation of this system, due to disease or genetic factors, can lead to significant health issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental components of the PTH/PTHrP regulatory network.
  • To present established knowledge alongside emerging findings in this field.
  • To provide a framework for understanding PTH and PTHrP physiology and pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of basic science and clinical research.
  • Synthesis of data on signaling mechanisms and tissue-specific actions.
  • Analysis of physiological and pathological roles.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of the PTH/PTHR signaling pathway.
  • Explanation of tissue-specific effects on calcium/phosphate metabolism and bone.
  • Identification of how genetic and disease processes disrupt normal function.

Conclusions:

  • The PTH/PTHrP system is essential for mineral balance and skeletal health.
  • Complex, tissue-specific signaling underlies its regulatory functions.
  • Further research is needed for novel therapeutic strategies targeting PTH/PTHrP pathways.