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Related Concept Videos

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins
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Programmed genome rearrangements in ciliates.

Iwona Rzeszutek1, Xyrus X Maurer-Alcalá2, Mariusz Nowacki3

  • 1Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland. iwona.rzeszutek89@gmail.com.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|May 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Ciliates possess distinct germline and somatic genomes, necessitating complex DNA rearrangements during development. This review compares genome reorganization in diverse ciliate species, highlighting DNA elimination and amplification mechanisms.

Keywords:
CiliatesDNA eliminationGenome rearrangementNuclear dimorphismSmall non-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Eukaryotic genomics
  • Molecular biology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes with dimorphic nuclei: germline and somatic.
  • Sexual reproduction triggers extensive genome rearrangements to form a new somatic genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare genome reorganization processes in model ciliates.
  • To highlight similarities and differences in DNA elimination and amplification.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of genome reorganization in selected ciliate species.
  • Review of literature on DNA elimination, non-coding RNAs, chromosome fragmentation, and DNA amplification.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations exist in genome reorganization across different ciliate classes (Oligohymenophorea and Spirotrichea).
  • Common mechanisms include massive DNA elimination, chromosome fragmentation, and DNA amplification.
  • Non-coding RNAs play a crucial role in mediating DNA elimination.

Conclusions:

  • Genome reorganization in ciliates is a complex, developmentally regulated process essential for generating somatic genomes.
  • Comparative studies reveal conserved and divergent strategies for managing germline to soma genome transformation across ciliate evolution.