Medication overuse headache: an overview of clinical aspects, mechanisms, and treatments

Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a common debilitating neurological disorder, with a prevalence of 1% to 7% in general population. It affects more than 60 million people worldwide and provokes substantial burden. Despite that, most practitioners don't know MOH. This review aims at presenting MOH clinical features, pathophysiology insights, and recent knowledge and guidance regarding treatments.

A literature search in the major medical databases including the terms 'medication overuse headache,' 'chronic daily headache,' 'chronic migraine,' 'symptomatic medication overuse' and others, published between 1990 and 2020, was carried out.

Primary headache sufferers such as migraineurs and tension-type headache patients may increase the headache frequency and induce the transition from episodic to chronic forms, as well as develop MOH, in the presence of medication overuse. There is evidence of structural and functional changes in some areas of the brain, which may identify those likely to respond or not to treatments. Despite the geographical differences and lack of consensus regarding approaches, to educate the patients about reducing medication intake, to withdraw overused medications and to start prophylaxis in some sufferers are crucial steps. Emerging treatments as monoclonal antibodies to migraine may result in better adherence and tolerability profiles as well as outcomes.