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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Does Gene Expression Noise Play a Functional Role in Plants?

Sandra Cortijo1, James C W Locke1

  • 1Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.

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Summary

Gene expression is noisy in individual cells. This review explores how gene expression variability in plants may generate functional phenotypic diversity, despite being genetically identical.

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risk spreadingsingle-cell RNA-seqstochasticitytime-lapse microscopytranscriptional noise

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cellular gene expression exhibits inherent variability, known as noise.
  • In unicellular organisms, this noise can confer adaptive advantages, such as stress preparation.
  • The significance of gene expression noise in multicellular organisms, particularly plants, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding gene expression variability in plants.
  • To explore the potential functional roles of transcriptional noise in generating phenotypic diversity within plant populations.
  • To highlight the implications of this variability for plant adaptation and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on gene expression noise in plants.
  • Analysis of emerging techniques for measuring single-cell gene expression variability.
  • Synthesis of findings to propose functional roles for transcriptional noise.

Main Results:

  • New techniques reveal significant gene expression variability within and between genetically identical plants.
  • Transcriptional noise is an inherent feature of plant gene expression.
  • This variability presents opportunities for functional diversification.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression noise plays a crucial role in generating phenotypic diversity in plants.
  • Understanding transcriptional noise is key to comprehending plant adaptation and development.
  • Further research into the mechanisms and functions of gene expression variability in plants is warranted.