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Factor Structure of Behaviors Demonstrating "Ganbatta" in Young Children Undergoing Blood Sampling/Vaccine Injection
Tsuyoshi Asari1, Hisae Tabata1, Takeshi Yamamoto1
1Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
Insights
The Japanese term "ganbatta" describes children's behaviors during needle procedures. This study identified five key factors of these behaviors, offering insights into pediatric nursing care quality.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Nursing
- Child Psychology
- Medical Education
Background:
- The term "ganbatta" (meaning "well done") is used in Japan to praise children for effort or courage in medical settings.
- Understanding children's behaviors during procedures like blood sampling is crucial for effective pediatric care.
- The concept of "ganbatta" in young children (3-7 years) undergoing needle procedures requires clarification.
Purpose of the Study:
- To clarify the factor structure of behaviors associated with "ganbatta" in young children during needle procedures.
- To identify specific behaviors that exemplify "ganbatta" in pediatric patients.
- To explore the implications of "ganbatta" behaviors for evaluating nursing care quality.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was administered to 150 pediatric nursing educators.
- Exploratory factor analysis (principal factor method with promax rotation) was used to determine the factor structure.
- Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to assess internal consistency.
Main Results:
- Five factors comprising 25 items were identified, explaining 70.4% of the variance.
- Key factors included: Proactive participation, Relief and joy post-procedure, Negative emotional expression, Information-seeking, and Moving on from the procedure.
- High KMO (0.927) and significant Bartlett's test (p<0.001) indicated suitability for factor analysis.
Conclusions:
- "Ganbatta" is a multifaceted concept reflecting diverse young children's behaviors during needle procedures.
- Evaluating these "ganbatta" behaviors can serve as an indicator of nursing care quality.
- Feedback on "ganbatta" behaviors can enhance children's sense of accomplishment and inform discussions on care improvement.
Ganbatta:
("Well done!") is a term used frequently in Japan to praise children in medical settings when they have worked hard or made a courageous attempt. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the factor structure of behaviors associated with ganbatta in young children (age 3-7 years) undergoing blood sampling or vaccine injection. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out on 150 selected pediatric nursing educators holding a nursing license (age ≥20 years). An exploratory factor analysis was then conducted using the principal factor method with promax rotation to confirm the construct validity. Cronbach's α coefficients were calculated for each identified factor to verify the internal consistency of the item. The mean (standard deviation) lengths of pediatric nursing and pediatric nursing education experience were 7.8 (4.7) and 9.9 (8.1) years, respectively. The cumulative contribution rate was 70.4%. The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.927. The p value of Bartlett's test of sphericity was <0.001%. Finally, among the children's behaviors, 5 factors were identified and 25 items were selected: Factor 1, Proactive participation, containing 7 items; Factor 2, Sense of relief and joy after needle removal, 6 items; Factor 3, Negative emotional expression, 4 items; Factor 4, Information-seeking, 5 items; and Factor 5, Moving on from the needle procedure, 3 items. These findings indicate that ganbatta is a complex concept that encompasses a variety of aspects in young children in relation to needle procedures. Evaluating a young child's ganbatta behaviors during a needle procedure can serve as an indicator to evaluate the quality of care provided by nurses. Sharing the evaluated results with children and their parents may serve as a foundation to open discussions in regard to higher-quality care. In addition, observing ganbatta behaviors during a needle procedure and providing feedback to the child could help them feel like they have done a good job.
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