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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Pediatric cranial deformations: demographic associations.

Jarrett Foster1,2, Ranbir Ahluwalia1,3, Madeleine Sherburn1

  • 11Surgical Outcomes Center for Kids, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|May 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cranial deformations show significant differences across racial and ethnic groups, but not by sex. These findings suggest potential cultural influences on skull shape variations, warranting further investigation into contributing factors.

Keywords:
brachycephalycephalic indexcranial vault asymmetry indexcraniofacialplagiocephaly

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Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial development
  • Pediatric imaging
  • Demographic health disparities

Background:

  • Cranial deformations lack established links to demographic factors.
  • The Back to Sleep campaign's impact on cranial deformation is known, but cultural influences require study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between demographic factors (sex, race, ethnicity) and cranial deformations.
  • To evaluate differences in cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) and cranial index (CI) across demographic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 1499 pediatric patients (2 months to <19 years) with negative CT scans for trauma.
  • Assessment of CVAI and CI to quantify cranial deformations.
  • Analysis of demographic data (sex, race, ethnicity) for all patients and those within the 2-24 month treatment window.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in CVAI were observed between sexes and races, but not ethnicities.
  • Race, specifically Caucasian vs. African American, was associated with differences in positional posterior plagiocephaly (PPP) diagnosis.
  • CI values showed significant differences between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic/Latin American patients, but not by sex.

Conclusions:

  • No significant association found between cranial deformations and sex.
  • Significant differences in cranial measurements exist among racial and ethnic groups.
  • Findings suggest potential cultural or anthropological influences on skull deformation, necessitating further research.