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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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The Nucleosome01:19

The Nucleosome

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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
In a chromosome, DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called a histone octamer core, which consists of 8 histone proteins. This...
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Author Spotlight: Efficient Nucleosome Reconstitution for Single-Molecule Techniques
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Toolbox for chemically synthesized histone proteins.

Koki Nakatsu1, Gosuke Hayashi2, Akimitsu Okamoto3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|May 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Chemical protein synthesis enables the creation of precisely modified histones. This review highlights advances in thioester precursors, chemical ubiquitination, and peptide ligation for studying gene regulation.

Keywords:
Chemical protein synthesisHistoneNative chemical ligationPost-translational modifications

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Purification of H3 and H4 Histone Proteins and the Quantification of Acetylated Histone Marks in Cells and Brain Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Histone post-translational modifications are crucial for gene regulation.
  • Understanding these modifications requires homogeneous, site-specifically modified histone proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in chemical synthesis methods for preparing modified histones.
  • To highlight key techniques enabling the study of histone function.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical protein synthesis using thioester precursors.
  • Site-specific chemical ubiquitination strategies.
  • One-pot peptide ligation techniques for assembling modified histone chains.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of a robust synthetic toolbox for histone engineering.
  • Facilitation of homogeneous preparation of complex histone modifications.
  • Enabling detailed investigation into the biological roles of modified histones.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical protein synthesis is a powerful approach for generating site-specifically modified histones.
  • Recent synthetic advances provide new tools for exploring histone's role in gene regulation.