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Diet, nutrients and the microbiome.

Wendy J Dahl1, Daniela Rivero Mendoza1, Jason M Lambert1

  • 1Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|June 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diet significantly influences the gut microbiome, but individual responses vary greatly. Healthful diets rich in plant foods promote beneficial gut bacteria and fermentation, impacting overall health.

Keywords:
BifidobacteriumDietary patternsFermentationFoodMacronutrientMicrobiomeMicrobiotaNutritionPrebioticPrevotella

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Diet is a primary driver of gut microbiome composition and function.
  • Previous studies often overlook dietary confounding factors in microbiome research.
  • Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in host health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of various dietary patterns on the gut microbiome.
  • To highlight the role of macronutrient composition, food form, and phytochemicals.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering interindividual variability and microbial metabolites.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating diet and gut microbiota.
  • Analysis of how different dietary components (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) affect microbial populations.
  • Examination of the influence of whole vs. ultra-processed foods and specific food ingredients.

Main Results:

  • Dietary patterns (Western, Mediterranean, vegetarian, ketogenic) modulate gut microbiota.
  • High carbohydrate diets favor saccharolytic fermenters (e.g., Bifidobacterium), while high-fat diets increase bile-resistant bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides).
  • Food processing and specific ingredients like sweeteners can alter microbial composition and activity.

Conclusions:

  • Significant interindividual variability exists in microbiome responses to diet.
  • Healthful dietary patterns, rich in plant-based carbohydrates, support favorable microbiome profiles.
  • Future research should focus on microbial metabolites as a link between the microbiome and human health.