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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

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Published on: October 30, 2016

Genes that Control Vaccinia Virus Immunogenicity.

S N Shchelkunov^1,2,3, G A Shchelkunova¹

¹State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia.

|June 2, 2020

Summary

Developing safer smallpox vaccines is crucial as most people lack immunity to vaccinia virus (VACV) and related orthopoxviruses. Research focuses on creating highly attenuated VACV variants for effective, yet safe, immunization.

Keywords:

immune modulating proteins immunogenicity protectiveness smallpox vaccination

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Last Updated: Dec 20, 2025

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

The live vaccinia virus (VACV) vaccine, while effective against smallpox, caused severe side effects, leading to its discontinuation after smallpox eradication.
Global smallpox eradication left populations vulnerable, lacking immunity to VACV and emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, posing a public health risk.
Current live VACV vaccines are unsuitable for preventing orthopoxvirus diseases due to safety concerns, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding of immune responses to orthopoxvirus infection and vaccination.
To explore genetic engineering strategies for developing safer and more immunogenic live VACV vaccines.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on orthopoxvirus immunology and vaccinia virus vaccine development.
Discussion of genetic engineering techniques applicable to VACV attenuation and immunogenicity enhancement.

Main Results:

The review synthesizes current knowledge on humoral and cellular immunity against orthopoxviruses.
It highlights the potential of genetic engineering to modify VACV for improved safety and efficacy.

Conclusions:

There is a critical need for highly attenuated VACV vaccines that maintain immunogenicity.
Genetic engineering offers promising avenues for developing next-generation orthopoxvirus vaccines suitable for broader populations, including those at risk.