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Living with liver flukes: Does migration matter?

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Migratory elk (Cervus canadensis) had higher parasite exposure than residents, challenging the idea that migration helps avoid parasites. Environmental factors and wetland use influenced giant liver fluke intensity in migrating elk.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Parasitology
  • Wildlife Biology

Background:

  • Migration is often linked to resource availability or predator avoidance.
  • Recent research suggests parasite avoidance can also influence migratory behaviors.
  • Understanding how migration impacts parasite exposure is crucial for wildlife health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how migratory tactics affect parasite exposure in a partially migratory elk (Cervus canadensis) population.
  • To test hypotheses regarding parasite exposure in relation to migration, including "migratory escape," "environmental tracking," and "environmental sampling."
  • To determine the influence of environmental factors and habitat use on parasite intensity, specifically giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna).

Main Methods:

  • Quantified parasite diversity and abundance in elk fecal pellets from migratory and resident individuals.
  • Assessed prevalence and intensity of giant liver fluke eggs in feces across different migratory tactics.
  • Correlated giant liver fluke intensity with elk use of wetlands, elevation, forage biomass, and summer elk concentration.

Main Results:

  • Migratory elk exhibited higher parasite richness and evenness compared to resident elk, refuting the "migratory escape" hypothesis.
  • Higher summer elk densities did not correlate with increased parasite prevalence or giant liver fluke intensity.
  • Giant liver fluke intensity in migrants was associated with earlier migration (environmental tracking) and increased wetland exposure (environmental sampling).

Conclusions:

  • Migration does not necessarily lead to parasite escape; it can increase exposure to diverse parasites.
  • Environmental factors and habitat use, particularly wetlands, play a significant role in shaping parasite dynamics in migratory wildlife.
  • Differential parasite exposure linked to migratory tactics has a greater impact than the density of resident elk on winter ranges.