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Related Concept Videos

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Conditional cell reprogramming for modeling host-virus interactions and human viral diseases.

Xuefeng Liu1,2, Abdul M Mondal1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.

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Conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) offer a novel long-term cell culture system derived from patient samples. This technology enables advanced modeling of human viral diseases and facilitates antiviral drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Virology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Conventional cell lines and primary cultures have limitations for disease modeling.
  • Cancer cell lines acquire genetic/epigenetic changes, while primary cultures senesce.
  • Animal models require viral adaptation and may not fully represent human physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) as a versatile long-term cell culture system.
  • To highlight the application of CRCs in modeling human viral diseases.
  • To demonstrate the utility of CRCs in antiviral drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • CRCs are generated using feeder layer co-culture with Y-27632 (conditional reprogramming).
  • CRCs can be rapidly propagated from various minimally invasive patient specimens.
  • CRCs maintain lineage functions and physiological relevance.

Main Results:

  • CRCs provide biologically relevant and physiological conditions for research.
  • CRCs are suitable for studying viral entry, replication, and host innate immune responses.
  • CR technology has been applied to model SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.

Conclusions:

  • Conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) represent a significant advancement in cell culture for virology.
  • CRCs enable robust modeling of host-virus interactions and human viral diseases.
  • This technology accelerates the discovery and development of novel antiviral drugs.