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Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI
Published on: July 12, 2012
The impact of manganese on neurotransmitter systems
Ana Thalita Gonçalves Soares1, Aline de Castro Silva1, Alexey A Tinkov2
1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa Campus Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
Background:
Manganese (Mn) is a metal ubiquitously present in nature and essential for many living organisms. As a trace element, it is required in small amounts for the proper functioning of several important enzymes, and reports of Mn deficiency are indeed rare.
Methods:
This mini-review will cover aspects of Mn toxicokinetics and its impact on brain neurotransmission, as well as its Janus-faced effects on humans and other animal's health.
Results:
The estimated safe upper limit of intracellular Mn for physiological function is in anarrow range of 20-53 μM.Therefore, intake of higher levels of Mn and the outcomes, especially to the nervous system, have been well documented.
Conclusion:
The metal affects mostly the brain by accumulating in specific areas, altering cognitive functions and locomotion, thus severely impacting the health of the exposed organisms.
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