Epidemiology of heart failure

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Heart failure (HF) was identified as an epidemic 25 years ago.
• HF prevalence continues to rise globally due to population growth and aging.
• The demographic and clinical profile of HF patients is shifting.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the evolving epidemiology of heart failure.
• To identify major trends in HF incidence, prevalence, and patient characteristics.
• To project future directions for managing the HF epidemic.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of epidemiological studies on heart failure.
• Analysis of trends in HF incidence, prevalence, and mortality.
• Examination of factors influencing HF case mix, including age, obesity, and lifestyle.

Main Results:

• HF incidence is stable or decreasing in some groups but rising in younger populations, linked to obesity.
• A significant transition towards heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is observed.
• HF is increasing in low-income countries facing a dual disease burden.
• HF mortality decline is slowing, suggesting ongoing challenges.

Conclusions:

• The heart failure epidemic is ongoing and complex, influenced by demographic shifts and lifestyle changes.
• Obesity and aging populations are key drivers of the evolving HF landscape.
• Targeted public health strategies and clinical management are crucial to address the persistent and changing HF epidemic.